Summary

This policy paper: (i) provides a global overview of the organization of pension systems, their coverage and benefits, as well as public expenditures on social security, in 178 countries; (ii) analyses trends and recent policies, e.g. extension of coverage in a large number of low- and middle-income countries; (iii) presents the negative impacts of fiscal consolidation and adjustment measures in a number of higher-income economies; and (iv) calls for the expansion of social protection in pursuit of crisis recovery, inclusive development and social justice.

This paper reflects the principles of ILO Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202) on the extension of social security, agreed by 185 countries and further endorsed by G20 leaders and the United Nations.